Part 50 (2/2)
OBS 4--A pronoun hich a question is asked, usually stands for so unknown to the speaker; the noun, therefore, cannot occur before it, but rave, _who_ shall give thee thanks?”--_Ps_, vi, 5 Here the word _who_ is equivalent to _what person_, taken interrogatively ”Which of you convinceth me of sin?”--_John_, viii, 46 That is, ”_Which man_ of you?”
”Master, _what_ shall we do?”--_Luke_, iii, 12 That is, ”_What act_, or _thing_?” These solutions, however, convert _which_ and _what_ into _adjectives_: and, in fact, as they have no inflections for the numbers and cases, there is reason to think them at all times essentially such We call the and supplying an infinite h often equivalent (as above) to an adjective and a noun, is never itself used adjectively; it is always a pronoun
OBS 5--In respect to _who_ or _whom_, it sometimes makes little or no difference to the sense, whether we take it as a demonstrative pronoun equivalent to _what person_, or suppose it to relate to an antecedent understood before it: as, ”Even so the Son quickeneth _whom_ he will”--_John_, v, 21 That is--”_what persons_ he will,” or, ”_those persons_ whom he will;” for the Greek word for _whom_, is, in this instance, plural The for, but the latter I take to be the true account of the construction; for, by the other, wewords at once So, perhaps, of the following example, which Dr Johnson cites under the word _who_, to shohat he calls its ”_disjunctive_ sense:”--
”There thou tellst _of_ kings, and _who_ aspire; _Who_ fall, _who_ rise, _who_ triumph, _who_ do moan”--_Daniel_
OBS 6--It sometimes happens that the real antecedent, or the term which in the order of the sense must stand before the pronoun, is not placed antecedently to it, in the order given to the words: as, ”It is written, To _whom_ he was not spoken of, _they_ shall see; and they that have not heard, shall understand”--_Romans_, xv, 21 Here the sense is, ”_They_ to _whom_ he was not spoken of, shall see” Whoever takes the passage otherwise, totally ht be used to signify, ”They shall see _to whom_ (that is, _to what persons_) he was not spoken of” Transpositions of this kind, as well as of every other, occurexample is from an Essay on Satire, printed with Pope's Works, but written by one of his friends:--
”_Whose_ is the crime, the scandal too be _theirs_; The knave and fool are their own libellers”--_J Brown_
OBS 7--The personal and the interrogative pronouns often stand in construction as the antecedents to other pronouns: as, ”_He_ also _that_ is slothful in his work, is brother to _hireat waster”--_Prov_, xviii 9 Here _he_ and _him_ are each equivalent to _the man_, and each is taken as the antecedent to the relative which follows it ”For both _he that_ sanctifieth, and _they who_ are sanctified, are all of one: for which cause, _he_ is not ashamed to call _them_ brethren”--_Heb_, ii, 11 Here _he_ and _they_ may be considered the antecedents to _that_ and _who_, of the first clause, and also to _he_ and _theative _who_ may be the antecedent to the relative _that_; as, ”_Who that_ has anyequivalent to _what person_, is the terative pronoun, (or the noun which is implied in it,) may be the antecedent to a _personal_ pronoun; as, ”_Who_ hath first given to Hiain?”--_Roiven _any thing_ to _the Lord_, so that it ought to be repaid _hiht to be reco example, the first pronoun is the antecedent to all the rest:--
”And _he that_ never doubted of _his_ state, _He_ may perhaps--perhaps _he_ may--too late”--_Cowper_
OBS 8--So the personal pronouns of the _possessive_ case, (which some call adjectives,) are soh less frequently than their prirul, is _thy_ condition, _who_ art doomed to the perpetual torments of unsatisfied desire!”--_Dr Johnson_ Here _who_ is of the second person, singular, masculine; and represents the antecedent pronoun _thy_: for _thy_ is a pronoun, and not (as some writers will have it) an adjective Exarammarians who say that _my, thy, his, her, its_, and their plurals, _our, your, their_, are adjectives For, if they were mere adjectives, they could not thus be made antecedents
Examples of this construction are sufficiently common, and sufficiently clear, to settle that point, unless they can be better explained in some other way Take an instance or two more: ”And they are written for _our_ admonition, upon _whom_ the ends of the world are come”--_1 Cor_, x, 11
”Be thou the first true merit to befriend; _His_ praise is lost, _who_ stays till all commend”--_Pope_
CLassES
pronouns are divided into three classes; _personal, relative_, and _interrogative_
I A _personal pronoun_ is a pronoun that shows, by its form, of what person it is; as, ”Whether _it_[187] were _I_ or _they_, so _we_ preach, and so _ye_ believed”--_1 Cor_, xv, 11
The simple personal pronouns are five: namely, _I_, of the first person; _thou_, of the second person; _he, she_, and _it_, of the third person
The compound personal pronouns are also five: namely, _myself_, of the first person; _thyself_, of the second person; _himself, herself_, and _itself_, of the third person
II A _relative pronoun_ is a pronoun that represents an antecedent word or phrase, and connects different clauses of a sentence; as, ”No people can be great, _who_ have ceased to be virtuous”--_Dr Johnson_
The relative pronouns are _hich, what, that, as_, and the compounds _whoever_ or _whosoever, whichever_ or _whichsoever, whatever_ or _whatsoever_[188]
_What_ is a kind of _double relative_, equivalent to _that which_ or _those which_; and is to be parsed, first as antecedent, and then as relative: as, ”This is _what_ I wanted; that is to say, _the thing which_ I wanted”--_L
Murray_ III An _interrogative pronoun_ is a pronoun hich a question is asked; as, ”_Who_ touched ative pronouns are _hich_, and _what_; being the same in form as relatives
_Who_ de be distinguished fro, or a person's occupation and character
OBSERVATIONS
OBS 1--The pronouns _I_ and _myself, thou_ and _thyself_, with their inflections, are literally applicable to persons only; but, _figuratively_, they represent brutes, or whatever else the huination invests with speech and reason The latter use of the _but person_, constitutes the purest kind of personification For exa over then _thou_ over _us_' But the _olive-tree_ said unto them, 'Should _I_ leave _my_ fatness, ith by _o to be proes_, ix, from 8 to 16
OBS 2--The pronouns _he_ and _himself, she_ and _herself_, with their inflections, are literally applicable to persons and to brutes, and to these only; if applied to lifeless objects, they anih literal perhaps in every other respect For exa at _his_ side in the saean to question the latter how _he_ came there--_he, who_ appeared to be no better than apebble, without the least shi+ning quality to advance _hi _him_ to keep _his_ distance, and to pay a proper respect to _his_ superiors”--_Ka_, p 226