Part 41 (2/2)
OBS 11--For feular ter is applied to the original or masculine noun, is not uniform:--
1 In some instances the syllable _ess_ is simply added: as, _accuser, accuseress; advocate, advocatess; archer, archeress; author, authoress; avenger, avengeress; barber, barberess; baron, baroness; canon, canoness; cit, cittess;[161] coheir, coheiress; count, countess; deacon, deaconess; deiant, giantess; God, Goddess; guardian, guardianess; Hebrew, Hebrewess; heir, heiress; herd, herdess; hermit, hermitess; host, hostess; Jesuit, Jesuitess; Jeess; mayor, mayoress; Moabite, Moabitess; monarch, monarchess; pape, papess_; or, _pope, popess; patron, patroness; peer, peeress; poet, poetess; priest, priestess; prior, prioress; prophet, prophetess; regent, regentess; saint, saintess; shepherd, shepherdess; soldier, soldieress; tailor, tailoress; viscount, viscountess; warrior, warrioress_
2 In other instances, the tered, and there is no increase of syllables: as, _abbot, abbess; actor, actress; adulator, adulatress; adulterer, adulteress; adventurer, adventuress; advoutrer, advoutress; ambassador, ambassadress; anchorite, anchoress_; or, _anachoret, anachoress; arbiter, arbitress; auditor, auditress; benefactor, benefactress; caterer, cateress; chanter, chantress; cloisterer, cloisteress; commander, commandress; conductor, conductress; creator, creatress; deless; editor, editress; elector, electress; emperor, emperess_, or _empress; emulator, emulatress; enchanter, enchantress; exactor, exactress; fautor, fautress; fornicator, fornicatress; fosterer, fosteress_, or _fostress; founder, foundress; governor, governess; huckster, huckstress_; or, _hucksterer, hucksteress; idolater, idolatress; inhabiter, inhabitress; instructor, instructress; inventor, inventress; launderer, launderess_, or _laundress; minister, ro, negress; offender, offendress; ogre, ogress; porter, portress; progenitor, progenitress; protector, protectress; proprietor, proprietress; pythonist, pythoness; seastress; sorcerer, sorceress; suitor, suitress; tiger, tigress; traitor, traitress; victor, victress; votary, votaress_
3 In a few instances the fe _or_ to _rix_; but soht to be preferred: as, _adjutor, adjutrix; administrator, administratrix; arbitrator, arbitratrix; coadjutor, coadjutrix; competitor, competitress_, or _competitrix; creditor, creditrix; director, directress_, or _directrix; executor, executress_, or _executrix; inheritor, inheritress_, or _inheritrix; mediator, mediatress_, or _mediatrix; orator, oratress_, or _oratrix; rector, rectress_, or _rectrix; spectator, spectatress_, or _spectatrix; testator, testatrix; tutor, tutoress_, or _tutress_, or _tutrix; deserter, desertress_, or _desertrice_, or _desertrix_
4 The following are irregular words, in which the distinction of sex is chiefly made by the termination: _amoroso, amorosa: archduke, archduchess; chaoodrave, ravine; sakeret, sakerhawk; sewer, sewster; sultan, sultana; tzar, tzarina; tyrant, tyranness; idow_
OBS 12--The proper nanate their sex; for it has been found convenient to make the names of women different from those of men We have also souishi+ng the sexes by their distinct application to each: as, _bachelor, room, bride; brother, sister; buck, doe; boar, sow; bull, cow; cock, hen; colt, filly; dog, bitch; drake, duck; earl, countess; father, randa, queen; lad, lass; lord, lady; male, female; man, woman; master, mistress_; Mister, Missis; (Mr, Mrs;) _milter, spawner; monk, nun; nephew, niece; papa, mamma; rake, jilt; ram, ewe; ruff, reeve; sire, da, hind; steer, heifer; swain, ny man, maiden_
OBS 13--The people of a particular country are couished by some name derived froyptians, Russians, Turks_ Such words are soentile nain, if not the same form, which correspond with them ”Gentile names are for the most part considered as entile adjective and the noun _woman_: as, a _Spaniard_, a _Spanish woman_; a _Pole_, or _Polander_, a _Polish woman_ But, in a few instances, ays use a colishlishwoman_; a _Welshman_, a _Welshwoman_; an _Irishman_, an _Irishwoman_; a _Frenchman_, a _Frenchwoman_; a _Dutchman_, a _Dutchwoman_: and in these cases the adjective is employed as the collective noun; as, _the Dutch, the French_, &c A _Scotchman_, and a _Scot_, are both in use; but the latter is not coenerally adopt the plural, _Scots_, with the definite article, as the collective term”--_Churchill's New Gras without life, used literally, are always of the neuter gender: as, ”When Cleopatra fled, Antony pursued her in a five-oared galley; and, co seen by her”--_Goldsh as _it_ is, has _its_ business assigned; and so have the stars”--_Collier's Antoninus_, p 138 But inani sex Things rereatness, or sublimity, are spoken of as er, winter, war_ Things beautiful, amiable, or prolific, are spoken of as feminine; as, a _shi+p_, the _, peace_ Figurative gender is indicated only by the personal pronouns of the singular nu; or of a _shi+p, She_ sails well”--_L
Murray_ For these two objects, the _sun_ and a _shi+p_, this phraseology is so common, that the literal construction quoted above is rarely met with
OBS 15--When any inanimate object or abstract quality is distinctly personified, and presented to the i, there is necessarily a change of the gender of the word; for, whenever personality is thus ascribed to what is literally neuter, there must be an assumption of one or the other sex: as, ”_The Genius of Liberty_ is awakened, and springs up; _she_ sheds her divine light and creative powers upon the two he _herself_ free, stretches _her_ arms from one extremity of the earth to the other, and embraces the first nation that became so”--_Abbe Fauchet_ But there is an inferior kind of personification, or of what is called such, in which, so far as appears, the gender re is an instance of personification and apostrophe united: 'O _thou sword_ of the Lord! how long will it be ere _thou_ be quiet? put _thyself_ up into _thy_ scabbard, rest, and be still! How can _it_ be quiet, seeing the Lord hath given _it_ a charge against Askelon, and against the sea-shore? there hath he appointed _it_'”--_Murray's Gram_, p 348 See _Jer_, xlvii, 6
OBS 16--If what is called personification, does not always iender and an ascription of sex, neither does a mere ascription of sex to what is literally of no sex, necessarily imply a personification; for there may be sex without personality, as we see in brute aniender of a brute animal personified in a fable, uratively ascribed to the _sun_, the _moon_, or a _shi+p_, issentence, _nature_ is animated andthe name of _Venus_, is spoken of as neuter: ”Like that conceit of old, which declared that the _Venus of Gnidos_ was not the work of Praxiteles, since _nature herself_ had concreted the boundary surface of _its_ beauty”--_Rush, on the Voice_, p xxv
OBS 17--”In personifications regard ender Of most of the passions and moral qualities of man the ancients fors: and, when these are personified, they are usuallyas they were Gods or Goddesses in the pagan y The same rule applies in other cases: and thus the planet Jupiter will be masculine; Venus, feminine: the ocean, _Oce=anus_, masculine: rivers, months, and winds, the same: the names of places, countries, and islands, feminine”--_Churchill's Graestions are worthy of consideration, but, for the gender which ought to be adopted in personifications, there seelish writers have observed with much uniformity It is well, however, to consider what is most com examples, the sex ascribed is not that under which these several objects are coured; for which reason, the sentences are perhaps erroneous:--
”_Knowledge_ is proud that _he_ has learn'd so much; _Wisdom_ is humble that _he_ knows no more”--_Cowper_
”But hoary _Winter_, unadorned and bare, Dwells in the dire retreat, and freezes there; There _she_ asse tempests fors that have breath, A cruel tyrant, and _her_ narauish the relations of nouns or pronouns to other words
There are three cases; the _nominative_, the _possessive_, and the _objective_
The _nominative case_ is that form or state of a noun or pronoun, which usually denotes the subject of a finite verb: as, The _boy_ runs; _I_ run
The subject of a finite verb is that which answers to _who_ or _what_ before it; as, ”The boy runs”--_Who_ runs? ”The _boy_” Boy is therefore here in the _nominative_ case
The _possessive case_ is that form or state of a noun or pronoun, which usually denotes the relation of property: as, The _boy's_ hat; _my_ hat
The possessive case of nouns is for to the nominative _s preceded by an apostrophe_; and, in the plural, when the noular, _boy's_; plural, _boys'_;--sounded alike, but written differently
The _objective case_ is that form or state of a noun or pronoun which usually denotes the object of a verb, participle, or preposition: as, I know the _boy_, having seen _him_ at _school_; and he knows _me_
The object of a verb, participle, or preposition, is that which answers to _whom_ or _what_ after it; as, ”I know the boy”--I knohom_? ”The boy”
_Boy_ is therefore here in the _objective_ case